Essay on journalism - 980 Words

A journalist is someone who works in the news gathering business, such as a photographer, editor or reporter. Journalism is all around us. It dominates television and surrounds us in the vast publishing industry of popularization. Journalism influence our perspectives on issues concerning us. In other words, its undeniable that journalism has a deep impact on our lives. There are two sides to journalism – good journalism and bad journalism. According to K. Minogue, the journalist has the power to mould the information they receive into â€Å"propaganda† or they could just report the news with additions of both side of the story. Journalism could even cause a political uproar like uncovering the Watergate scandal that forced†¦show more content†¦A dishonest journalist would face charges by the court. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Being independent would mean that there is no government influence in the media. The Singapore Press Holding (SPH), the leading newspaper publisher in Singapore, is a private holding company. However, the Singapore government has a system of controlling every media outlet through annual licensing requirements. Several foreign news organizations have been fined in Singapore like The Economist magazine. It seems to Bill Kovach, a journalist and writer for forty years and the founding director of the Committee of Concerned Journalists and its programs that the government and journalism work hand in hand together. He states, Without journalism, without a steady, reliable flow of independent information without which the creation, care and continuation of a public opinion would not be possible – self government would disappear. Journalism and self government will rise or fall together. 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The Theory Of Trauma During The Diathesis Stress Model Of...

Trauma, like many other concepts in psychology, is a subjective experience to whoever faces it. A number of explanations exist for it, but one take on it is that which is proposed by Fairbairn, who defines a trauma experience as â€Å"one which serves to precipitate a psychopathological reaction through the activation of pre-existing, but hitherto latent, psychopathological factors† (Fairbairn, 1952). He proposes that a person can only process an experience as traumatic if they possess innate psychopathological characteristics that make them vulnerable towards it. His idea relates to the diathesis-stress model of having congenital characteristics interact with certain life experiences to produce psychopathology in a person. Another more modern definition depicts trauma as, â€Å"an overwhelming event that threatens the health, safety, and security of the individual and cannot be emotionally and cognitively processed† (Summers Barber, 2010). As clinicians, if one chooses to work with this definition, it is important to take both parts of it into consideration when assessing patients, because the concept of trauma has taken on a different meaning in societal terms. More often than not, people will consider any emotional experience they cannot seem to process after going through an experience as trauma. An example of this would be the loss of a loved one. While it may be a very challenging experience for some, grief for someone who has died is generally not considered a trauma under

Legal and Ethical Considerations for Employers - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLegal and Ethical Considerations for Employers. Answer: Introduction All medical practitioners are highly amenable to the public, patient, employers and the profession. In order to change the state of the healthcare, health experts should be able to respond to clients complaints appropriately. The primary goal of legal and ethical considerations within the nursing healthcare is to reestablish the health of patients. Legal and ethics in nursing help to minimize the harm and maximize the benefits of treatment (Eburn,2013 The treatment can no longer be justified if the patient fails to take medication. It's so unfortunate that many medical practitioners, may not understand the preference for the resuscitation (Graham et al. 2013). On the other hand, patients do not understand their resuscitation. Nurses play a crucial role in offering maximum qualities and support to the patients. Therefore, nurse's loyalty is required to relieve the emotional, physical and psychological suffering that patient and the family members experiences (McShane Von Glinow,2013) . This paper will evaluate legal and ethical considerations that are linked to the professional nursing issues and how they are perceived internationally. The case study involves a patient by the name Dawn admitted with massive stroke experiences. The patient has been unconscious for about three weeks (Cherry Jacob,2016).). Dawn's condition was deteriorating at a very high rate. The deuteriation forced the nurse to initiate for an alternative option through the patient's family members. The tests done previously showed Dawn's breathing system was compromised. In the process, the nurse felt it was important to discuss the issue with Kelvin Jones her husband and her daughter to give her a comfortable life. The ethical and legal considerations The ethical and legal considerations present nursing profession and healthcare practitioner with legitimate circumstances in which choices must be made. Dawn's sickness is a big problem to the members especially the husband who is never ready to accept her condition. Though the diagnosis of the massive stroke was made according to the patient's test outcome. In such conditions, it is vital for the nurse to ensure the family receives the best knowledge concerning the stroke and its consequences. The eradication of any form of confusion within Dawn's family members regarding her wife is very vital in trying to highlight the moral, ethical and legal concerns. It's also necessary for Kevin Jones and her daughter to receive the exact information concerning the health status of Dawn. The stroke case is irreversible hence the importance to engage ethical decisions when handling the patient. In the conversion, the nurse is giving Dawn's family the idea of looking for another doctor or even change the facility in case they are not comfortable with the current facility. According to (Huston, 2013) Patients with stroke cannot think and cannot communicate with individuals around them. That means the quality of the life of that particular patient it's impoverished. Any additional treatment can result in more considerable distress and extend the agony experienced by the patient. The nurse judgment should, therefore, be directed by the facts that result from the treatment. The case of Dawn seems to be less beneficial forcing the nurse to seek more direction from Kevin's family. (Kelly et al. 2013) states that ethics in the healthcare decision and dilemmas recur around the next option depending on the patient's best interest. When giving Patient's health position to his or her family members, it's necessary to have the confidence in the concept of the disease ultimately. For instance, in the case of Dawn's stroke, the nurse was familiar with her medication and the legal procedures as expected by the family members. She termed Dawn's case a problem calls for more patient from Kevin Jones. The reason being, nurses should be in capability to explain in details to accommodate their predicament and the confusion. The research by (Harris, Atkinson,2013) shows that 54% of many health professionals have inadequate information when discussing the health condition of the patient with the family members. That means, only a few family members can understand the fundamental aspects of the prognosis and the diagnosis of their patient. Kevin Jones is not able to understand the condition of his wife when revealed for the first, and that makes him feel the nurse is incompetent. Therefore, all nurses should embrace their role in the health life care and professionalism to the family members and patients to validate their emotions. The validation will assist the patient's relatives to cope with the current condition of their patient. Preventing the confusion among the relatives is essential can only through giving vivid information of the patient. That will be helpful to the family members in understanding that the stroke has occurred. A clear description of the diagnosis must be reinforced (Stahl, Eden, Jirotka,2013). It's legal to describe the patient's condition to his or her relatives. For instance, stroke can only be defined when all the test procedures are done. From this point, the patient can now be regarded as suffering from the stroke. The information may help the relatives to eliminate any confusion about the patient's condition. In some states like the United Kingdom, the patent can withhold the treatment. It's only the doctor who can withhold the therapy. Although the relatives must be consulted (Pozgar,2014). In Dawn's case, the nurse is requesting the family members to provide a doctor who can access the patient's independent of determining the nature of her condition. The medical professional will use the evaluation of the risk, burdens and the general acceptability regarding the treatment. Gunn Taylor (2014) discussed the ethical on doctor's propriety to follow to allocate the resources in a fair manner during patient treatment administration. Therefore, this holds the moral consi deration by the medical profession when sharing the responsibilities of the healthcare with the family members. The described law as a high-quality code of conduct which every person should not fall into. Then (Graham et al. 2013). Defines act as the form of rules and conduct enforced through binding the legal authorities. Authority management will punish every ever health personnel who breaks the law. Kevin Jones threaten to report the nurse when he feels the two had taken sides with his daughter to frustrate him. (Elwyn, 2012) Suggested that ethics is like a moral, ethical principle. The ethical principle acts as a guide to the nurse in making a noble decision and upholding proper conduct when reacting to Dawn's stroke condition. The ethical principle should guide the nurse in building a righteous judgment in her nursing health practice. Ethics and morals work together. Their origin can be traced from a common root. The importance of incorporating these ethical principles is recognized in the whole world. With Dawn's stroke case, the nurse was in the noble fix to her condition. That made her arrange a conference with the family to discuss her health. The nurse tells the husband, her situation would demand his comfortability. That comfortability would guarantee her long life (Morton, Fontaine, Hudak Gallo,2017). The Main ethical principles The four main ethical principles are beneficence, autonomy, justice, and confidentiality. The moral principles were developed by (Cherry Jacob,2016).). The ethical guidelines for privacy, honest and high-quality behaviors are linked to four main principles of ethics. The autonomy principle Concerning the autonomy principle, people should be allowed to control their health condition and make their own decisions as well. The nursing, legal and ethics are centered on the concepts that nursing profession is collaborative. Therefore, all the patients should have the rights to bodily autonomy where possible. That means complying with the legislation is a must. The control overwhelms individual information with no unjustified interruptions from other people. Relating the ethical principle to Dawn's health condition, concealing her current state would put Kevin in a distress condition. The rules and the regulations within the health profession require the nurses and doctors to take care of the well-being of Dawn and that of her family. Considering her husband's age, it's important to prevent any form of harm to him and the rest of the family members. Thus, the confidentiality had to pave the way. Hence the nurse had the right to consult Dawn's family members and to disclose he r condition to them. (Burkhardt Nathaniel,2013).) states that the confidentiality and privacy is one of the rights an individual with the stroke should uphold. To respect such rights, the nurse could not disclose the condition of Dawn to Kevin without the consent of other family members. Beneficence In Kevin's point of view, the beneficence principle benefits him where he is informed of her wife condition hence decreasing the risk of distress. The fact that Dawn is experienced the massive stroke is still a human being, and her individuality should be respected. Kevin has the right to keep the secret of her life. He is furious with Bronwyn's partner and tells him to keep off the family matters. The ethical difficulties emerge between the third person and the professional nurse confidentiality. The nurse is not so quick to excuse her daughter's partner from the family conference. She should first seek to know why Kevin Jones is so hard on him. Research done proved that many people are not comfortable to share the health state of their family members. The primary objective for the nurse to disclose Dawn's condition to the family members was to seek physical and psychosocial support from the relatives (Arnold Boggs,2015). Confidentiality The third principle is the confidentiality which means to keep the promise. The nurse was able to honor the commitment of the family by availing herself to the conference. The principle ensures the trust between the health practitioners, patients, and the family members. The family promises to organize the independent doctor to attend Dawn and as well plans to meet them the following day. Thus, satisfying the law of the confidentiality which states that the nursing profession should not divulge the information of the patient without relative's consent. The nurse is also expected to hold the anonymity even after disclosing the health condition of Dawn to her family members. Though confidentiality doesn't mean concealing the information from the people who can harm the information. This aspect maintained the Bronwyn's friend within the family conservation. Injustice Injustice principle enables the medical practitioners to provide the patient and the family members with what they deserve. The policy is essential in treating all people equally in public. Justice according to (Eburn2013) means an ethical obligation in distributing the cost, benefits, and risks in an equal manner. The nurse must possess quality and competent skills in counseling the patient (Billings Halstead,2015). She must protect the rights of Dawn regarding her test, history, counseling and the treatment and educating her on how to cope with the health condition. Conclusion The high growth of necessity within the nursing profession, ethics efficient and critical thinking in making the decision is substantial in modern nursing practices. It doesn't need the nurses and doctors to maintain standards only. It's imperative for the medical practitioners to understand and have knowledge on various ethics, professional and legal matters they are faced with within their lines of duties. Medical practitioners should always be aware of the three fundamental roles which include confidentiality, health care for every patient and autonomy. Therefore, all medical the practitioners should understand the three duties are supplemented by four central ethical principles include beneficence, autonomy, confidentiality and the justice. The nurses are encouraged to be responsible and accountable for every action they take within the lines of their duties. That's necessary for the healthcare professionals to uphold knowledge, the code of conducts, law, and policies to be useful in giving services. The satisfactory values of any health practitioners are similarly important in an ethical decision making. In every health care set up, nurses are always faced with ethical dilemmas in the choices of the principles to use in making their decisions. These principles are autonomy, the confidence, beneficence, and justice. In the decision making within the nursing profession, cons and pros must be weighed before reflecting on the patient's condition. By doing this, the four principles will not be bleached. References Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015). Interpersonal Relationships-E-Book: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Billings, D. M., Halstead, J. A. (2015). Teaching in Nursing-E-Book: A Guide for Faculty. Elsevier Health Sciences. Burkhardt, M. A., Nathaniel, A. (2013). Ethics and issues in contemporary nursing. Nelson Education. Cherry, B., Jacob, S. R. (2016). Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Demirtas, O., Akdogan, A. A. (2015). The effect of ethical leadership behavior on ethical climate, turnover intention, and affective commitment. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(1), 59-67. Eburn, M. (2013). Emergency law: rights, liabilities and duties of emergency workers and volunteers. The Federation Press. Elwyn, G., Frosch, D., Thomson, R., Joseph-Williams, N., Lloyd, A., Kinnersley, P., ... Edwards, A. (2012). Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice. Journal of general internal medicine, 27(10), 1361-1367. Graham, A., Powell, M., Taylor, N., Anderson, D., Fitzgerald, R. (2013). Ethical research involving children. Florence: UNICEF Office of ResearchInnocenti. Gunn, J., Taylor, P. (2014). Forensic psychiatry: clinical, legal and ethical issues. CRC Press. Harriss, D. J., Atkinson, G. (2013). Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2014 update. International journal of sports medicine, 34(12), 1025-1028. Huston, C. J. (2013). Professional issues in nursing: Challenges and opportunities. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Kelly, P., Marshall, S. J., Badland, H., Kerr, J., Oliver, M., Doherty, A. R., Foster, C. (2013). An ethical framework for automated, wearable cameras in health behavior research. American journal of preventive medicine, 44(3), 314-319. McShane, S., Von Glinow, M. (2013). M Organizational Behavior. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Morton, P. G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C. M., Gallo, B. M. (2017). Critical care nursing: a holistic approach (p. 1056). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Pozgar, G. D. (2014). Legal and ethical issues for health professionals. Jones Bartlett Publishers Stahl, B. C., Eden, G., Jirotka, M. (2013). Responsible research and innovation in information and communication technology: Identifying and engaging with the ethical implications of ICTs. Responsible innovation: Managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society, 199-218.

Robert Allen Essays - Gilded Age, Andrew Carnegie,

Robert Allen 92845 Robber Barons Then and Now Robber Barons, a term used in the late 1800s and early 1900s to describe a businessman who made an enormous amount of money, today we would call them billionaires. It was not really the fact they made an extreme amount of wealth, it was more the way they made it. In all the cases the acquiring of wealth was done in what was considered a ruthless manor and unscrupulous ways. A robber baron was more interested in acquiring wealth than the safety of his employees, the amount of work hours performed in a week, or the amount of wage being paid for a days work. For example Andrew Carnegie(the robber baron of the steel industry), he was instrumental in starting the 72 hour work week, paying out less than fair wages and having dangerous working conditions. The robber barons were known for their business tactics that would enable them to amass a wealth by monopolies. They would corner the market on a product or service and make it almost impossible to get, accept through them. One such person was James B. Duke (robber baron of the tobacco market).James Duke started marketing tobacco from his fathers tobacco farm at an early age. He developed a market for tobacco though advertising. When the market he developed, started growing he started buying up other tobacco companies in order to be the only supplier of the product. James Duke eventually formed The Great American Tobacco Co. which became the biggest supplier of cigarettes in the world. One thing the Robber Barons of today and yesterday have in common is monopolies. If it at all possible, the Robber Baron or billionaires as we call them today, would try to corner the entire market on their product or service, making it difficult for competition in their particular industry. James Duke did it by making a market for cigarettes and cigars and buying up his competition so he was the biggest company to supply the product. Andrew Carnegie cornered the market on the steel industry and made the first high rise building. He was the only business in his field therefore he could set his prices and up his profits. Other Robber Barons in various markets were William Vanderbilt, he monopolized the railroad business allowing him to set his own prices for freight and passage. John D. Rockefeller monopolized the oil industry with Standard Oil company. Today AT&T, the phone company, before deregulation controlled the vast majority of the phone services, thereby monopolizing the phone services. American Airlines, there unscrupulous business tactics would drive out competitors from areas they wished to control by having price wars until the opposition could no longer compete and would have to close their doors for business. But the biggest and wealthiest of them all, Bill Gates owner of Microsoft Corporation created an operating system for computers to work with and the market to sell that system. Before Bill Gates came along computers were only an informational source. What ever was programed into them was retrievable but you could not add information to them. Basically they were just a big file cabinet. Bill Gates made it to where you can talk to the computer and add information to them. This made them more user friendly and a very usable tool for personal and business use. But just like the Robber Barons of yesterday Gates cornered the market for his software by orchestrating a marketing plan that would require computer companies to pay him X amount of dollars for every computer they sold, whether or not the computer had his software on it or not. Now if you think about it, the computer companies had no choice but to put his software on the computers they sold. Kind of sounds like a monopoly to me. Philanthropy The other side to the Robber Baron coin. For some unknown reason the Robber Barons felt it necessary to give back enormous amounts of their wealth to the society they took if from, or maybe a better way to put it is earned it from? It was done in a manner that for the most part immortalized the giver. For instance James Duke or the Duke Endowment gave money to several Universities. This in turn eventually

Final Study Guide Essay Example

Final Study Guide Essay Example Final Study Guide Essay Final Study Guide Essay Essay Topic: The Peloponnesian War HIEU 101 Final Exam Review Sheet Identifications Ionian Revolt Themistocles Pericles Cimon Peloponnesian League Herodotus Thucydides Ephialtes Sophists Satrap Areopagus The Council of the 500 Pisistratus Agoge Stasis Aristagoras The Sixth-Parters The Definition of the Word Tyrant The Peace of Callias The Battle of Marathon Megarian Decree Boards of Ten Parthenon Aristophanes Essays 1 . The great Persian invasion under Xerxes was a crucial factor in cementing the ties of Greek ethnicity and a sense of separation from other peoples. It is no accident that the great playwright Aeschylus asked that his tombstone be engraved only with a ention of participation in the war and was content to omit his dramatic victories. What were the causes of this invasion? What was the Persian strategy? How did the Greeks respond to tne tnreau wnat were tne cruclal Dattles In tne war ana Tlnally why did the Persians fail? 2. The most important political development between the end of the Persian threat in 479 and the last third of the Fifth Century was the development of an Athenian Empire from the Delian League. What were the events connected with the origins of this empire? How did it develop over time? Is there a point at which we can speak of n empire as opposed to an alliance? Finally what sort of political situation did it produce in Greece? 3. Describe the Athenian constitution as it stood at about 440 B. C. What were the most important institutions and what were their powers? Why was the lot used more than election for most offices? Is this a democratic measure, If so, why? : Finally what factors made possible the use of direct democracy at Athens? 4. The development of Athenian democracy can be said to have begun towards the end of the 6th Century with the reforms of Cleisthenes. First, outline the political situation that led Cleisthenes to undertake these reforms. Second, what was the content of these reforms and discuss the difficulties in attributing some of these innovations to Cleisthenes? Lastly, how did these reforms contribute to growth of democracy in Athens? . What were the reasons for the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War? Was the war inevitable? What were the strategies of the respective antagonists at the outbreak of the war? Outline the various phases of the war. What was the crucial development that led to Athenian defeat? Finally politically, what changes did the war ring to structure of inter-state relations? 6. Sparta in the classical period had no parallel among other Greek states. What conditions led to its creation? How did its political system function and what were its component parts? Integral to the success of the political system was an extremely unusual social and economic structure. Describe the components of that structure. In theory both the political and social structure was based on a community of equals, was this in fact true? If it was not, what were the causes of inequality at Sparta? Finally, what was the primary purpose of the Spartan system?

Okinawa Geography and 10 Fast Facts

Okinawa Geography and 10 Fast Facts Okinawa, Japan is a prefecture (similar to a state in the United States) that is made up of hundreds of islands in southern Japan. The islands comprise a total of 877 square miles (2,271 square kilometers) and has a population of over 1.3 million. Okinawa Island is the largest of these islands and its where Naha, capital of Okinawa Prefecture, is located. Okinawa made headlines around the world when a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck the prefecture on February 26, 2010. Little damage was reported from the earthquake, but a tsunami warning was issued for the Okinawa Islands, as well as the nearby Amami Islands and the Tokara Islands. There are ten important facts to know when learning about or  traveling to Okinawa, Japan: The main set of islands making up Okinawa is called the Ryukyu Islands. The islands are then further divided into three regions called the Okinawa Islands, the Miyako Islands, and the Yaeyama Islands.Most of Okinawas islands are made up of coral rocks and limestone. Over time, the limestone has eroded in many places throughout the various islands and as a result, many caves have formed. The most famous of these caves is called Gyokusendo.Because Okinawa has abundant coral reefs, its islands also have a plethora of sea animals. Sea turtles are common in the southernmost islands, while jellyfish, sharks, sea snakes, and several types of venomous fish are widespread.Okinawas climate is considered subtropical with an average August high temperature of 87 degrees F (30.5 degrees C). Much of the year can also be rainy and humid. The average low temperature for January, Okinawas coldest month, is 56 degrees F (13 degrees C).Because of its climate, Okinawa produces sugar cane, pineapple, pap aya, and has many botanical gardens. Historically, Okinawa was a separate kingdom from Japan and was controlled by the Chinese Qing Dynasty after the area was annexed in 1868. At that time, the islands were called Ryukyu in native Japanese and Liuqiu by the Chinese. In 1872, Ryukyu was annexed by Japan and in 1879, it was renamed the Okinawa Prefecture.During World War II, there was a Battle of Okinawa in 1945, which led to Okinawa being controlled by the United States. In 1972, the United States returned control to Japan with the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security. Despite giving the islands back to Japan, the U.S. still maintains a large military presence in Okinawa.Today, the United States currently has 14 military bases on the Okinawa Islands, most of which are on Okinawas largest main island.Because Okinawa was a separate nation from Japan for much of its history, its people speak various languages that differ from traditional Japanese.Okinawa is known for its unique architecture that developed as a result o f frequent tropical storms and typhoons in the region. Most of Okinawas buildings are made of concrete, cement roof tiles and covered windows. Sources Mishima, Shizuko. The Okinawa Islands, Mapped Out. Trip Savvy, March 26, 2019.

Learning Types Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Learning Types - Coursework Example Their learning is predominantly through what they see and can visualize. The teacher should therefore ensure he/she uses many demonstrations and also learning materials that are visually pleasant as well as striving as much as possible to make mental paintings and images. Auditory learners are active listeners by natures and tend to talk slowly while thinking a very linear manner. They prefer verbal explanations as opposed to written notes and as such they most favored method of learning involves listening actively and verbalizing. The teacher therefore needs to sound very good, have a meticulous lesson plan and deliver content through active organized conversations. Learners categorized as kinesthetic are typically extremely slow at talking and making decisions. They engage all their senses in the learning process and they learn better when trying and solving problems in real life. They therefore the hands-on approach to doing thinks and their learning is predominantly by trial and error. The teacher should be hands on at demonstrating, use case solution discussions and engage them practically in tackling problems. In conclusion therefore classroom learning and teaching is a complex process requiring the teacher to have a concise understanding of his class. There are different types of learners in the same classroom requiring different types of skills and therefore by knowing this the teacher is better placed to employ the best teaching strategies that involve all the learner types in the process without favoring a particular learning

The Concept of Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Concept of Business Strategy - Essay Example The arrangement of the five forces varies across different industries. For instance, in the commercial airline industry, stiff competition exists between Boeing and Airbus, the power of suppliers, threat of entry and the threat of substitutes are weak while the power of suppliers is strong. In the movie theatre sector, the increase of entertainment and the influence of distributors and movie producers and inputs are significant. The first component in the tool refers to supplier power and refers to the ease of suppliers to lead to changes in prices. This is influenced by the number of suppliers in at each point of production, the cost of switching between suppliers, the power they have over companies and the uniqueness of the product or service. The less the supplier options that are present in an industry, the more power the consumers have. The second aspect of the Porter Five-tool is buyer power and it relates to how easy it is for consumers to lead to a reduction in prices. This i s influenced by the number of buyers, the cost of their decision to switch to other products and services and the value of each customer to the organization. Companies that deal with a relative number of powerful buyers, they have a huge impact on them.The third aspect is competitive rivalry and this relates to the number and ability of the competitors. If a company has a high number of competitors that offer better products and services then, the company has minimal power over the situation.

Auditorium Music Testing Essay Example for Free

Auditorium Music Testing Essay Division of the music library into groups on basis of familiarity and likeability levels This output helps the programming team prune the play mix and help identify songs which should be played more/less Extended Objectives Besides the obvious output of segregating the songs into lists (basis which should be played more/less/discarded), AMT outputs are analyzed for higher understanding as follows: It gives us answers as to whether the city TG prefers regional music over Hindi or English music and hence, helps us form programming strategies. In addition, comparison of AMT output of two cities aides ground level understanding for the programming team which is helpful in designing the play mix. For example, comparison of Delhi vs. Mumbai outputs prove that Delhi audience tends towards Punjabi hits whereas Mumbai audience prefers more evolved Hindi Bollywood numbers with softer tempo. Over a period of time, understanding how music preferences vary over various Indian regions helps the station make more informed choices when launching in new markets.

ELISA Test for Virus Detection

ELISA Test for Virus Detection Zohrah Miakheyl Immunology practical Introduction Viruses are small living organisms that requires living host for its survival and can lead to infection if it fully invades the host cells taking over the cell machinery to produce virus. There are many different viral infections including Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Cytomegalovirus. Measles is an infection of the respiratory system caused by the measles virus. The measles virus is very contagious and can easily spread via sneezing, coughing and personal contact. Measles is known by the red-brownish rash starting on the face and spreading to the rest of the body. Other symptoms of measles virus include fever, diarrhoea, runny nose, conjunctivitis and dry cough (Permar et al, 2006). Mumps is an infection caused by the paramyxovirus. This viral infection is also highly contagious like Measles and spreads also via sneezing, coughing and direct contact. Mumps usually causes swollen salivary glands, fever, dry mouth and difficulties in swallowing. Rubella is an infection caused by Rubell a virus, member of the genus Rubivirus. The spread of the virus is similar to measles and Mumps. Most common symptoms of this infection are a pink, light red rash lasting up to three days, mild fever, cold cough, sore throat, conjunctivitis and joint pain in adults (Stock, 2012). In contrast to Measles, Mumps and Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) usually don’t have any symptoms and therefore most people being infected may not know that they have CMV. People who are being infected often develop mild symptoms similar to flu or glandular fever. This viral infection can become serious in babies infected before birth, because this virus can be transmitted from mother to foetus. Cytomegalovirus is a virus belonging to herpes family of viruses. This virus is spread via body fluids (saliva and urine) and personal contact (Griffiths, 2002). The above stated viral infections usually occur at childhood, but it can occur at any age. Measles, Mumps and Rubella are often protected by giving t he children MMR vaccination at 13 months and a booster is often given to three to five years old children. To find out from what the four patients are suffering from ELISA technique was applied to detect antiviral antibodies in patient’s serum for the viral infections Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Cytomegalovirus. Method  Ã‚   Results Figure 1 microtitre plate showing the results of the four patients tested. The ELISA technique shows that patient 1 is positive for Measles (IgM) and CMV (IgG), patient 2 is positive for Measles and Rubella (IgG), Patient 3 is positive for measles (IgG) and patient 4 is positive for CMV (IgM) and Measles, Mumps and Rubella (IgG). Discussion Four patients were tested for viral infections using ELISA technique and the results showed positive for some patients for some of the viral infections. The ELISA results obtained were good and no errors were made. This might be due to accurate practical skills such as pipetting, appropriate filling of the wells, proper emptying and washing of the plate. Furthermore accurate serum dilution and measurement has also added to the accuracy of the results. Controlling the experimental conditions such as incubation time has also lead to improved results. To obtain better results volume measurement, dilutions, experimental conditions can be improved further. The volume measurement can be improved by accurately use of Gilson pipettes by ensuring there is no air bubbles and the pipettes are fully calibrated. Experimental condition can be improved by carefully monitoring the incubation duration. Patient’s case study Patient 1 A 56 years old patient was admitted with dense reddish brown maculopapular rash, headache, low grade fever, spot rash, mild abdominal discomfort and diarrhoea, high temp, mild conjunctivas symptoms. Throat swab done by the GP didn’t reveal any severe symptoms, but was referred for antiviral antibodies screening examination. After performing antiviral antibody screening the results showed positive for measles (IgM) and CMV (IgG). IgM is made during immune response in the early stage of infection and is mainly found in lymph fluid and blood where it functions as neutralizer against harmful agents. Whereas IgG is made in the late stage of infection and stays in the body for a long period of time. Due to its long survival period in the body IgG is useful for passive immunization. IgG is mainly found in blood, lymph fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and peritoneal fluid and plays a vital role in humoral immune response by activating the complement system (Lima, 2012). The sign and symptom s of the patients is similar to measles therefore indicating that the patients might be suffering from measles and might be in the early stages of the infection due to IgM found in the serum sample and macolopapular rash is also the sign of the infection at early stages. The mild abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea, and cold-like symptoms also indicates that the patient might suffer from CMV infections, but since IgG is found in patient’s serum sample, the infection might also be the result of immunisation and prior infection. All the symptoms of this patient are also the symptoms of measles therefore this patient might suffer from measles in the early stage of it, because of the antibody IgM and the reddish macolopapular rash is also found in the early stage of the infection) . Currently there are no means of preventing the developed measles infection, but the symptoms can be reduced using approved medications such fever-reducers, antibiotics, and vitamin A supplements (Permar e t al, 2006). Patient 2 A healthy 8 years old boy was examined by GP in a routine check and was referred for full blood counts. From the physical examination, the GP found that the boy was having faint cracking-like sound due to sever cold that he has been suffering since 3 weeks. Eczema-like rash was also observed, which was treatable by E45 creams, but the cause of this symptom was not clearly known as he has no family history of eczema. After his full blood count revealed no abnormalities and the cause of eczema was not known, his GP referred him for antiviral antibodies screening. The screening result showed that the boy was positive for Measles and Rubella (IgG) infections. The signs and symptoms of this patient appears to be different from the sign and symptoms and Rubella and Measles apart from the cold that the patient was suffering from. One of the first signs of Measles and Rubella infection is red-pinkish rash, where in Measles it appear to be observable for a week and in Rubella it lost for at l east 3-7 days, but varies from patient to patient. The patient always had eczema-like rash, which means that the patient might not be infected by Measles or Rubella. The positive results obtained from antiviral screen might be due to immunisation and prior infections. Since the patient is not suffering from virus infection, the doctor ca refer him to Dermatologist for eczema examination. Since he is suffering from cold, the patient can take cold reducing medications (Gen,1999). Patient 3 A 26 years old healthy female attend her GP for confirmation of her pregnancy test after she tested at home using home pregnancy test about a week ago and got positive results. She believes she is about 28 days pregnant, but this is her fist confirmation although she has been pregnant in the past and had early miscarriage about 10 months ago. GP preformed second pregnancy test and the positive results confirmed that she is pregnant. Since she was only 4 years old when moved to UK from Tajikistan, her medical record is available from the age of 6. Due to incomplete medical records, the patient is advised to carry out blood test so that her vaccination status can be known, therefore antiviral antibody screen was carried out and the results appear positive for Measles infection. The development of MMR vaccination appear to be very successful against this viral infection and due to improve and advancement of MMR vaccination, Measles infection has become less common now, but it shows to b e dangerous among pregnant women if occur. This is because Measles might lead to miscarriage, stillbirth or early delivery if the pregnant individual is not immune against the infection. Although patient 3 do not display any sign and symptoms, but the antiviral antibody screen shows that she is positive for this infection. This positive result suggests that the miscarriage that she had might be due to Measles infection. However this cannot be said with certainty, because of her incomplete medical history. The antiviral positive result might be due to early infection or immunization. Since her medical history is not fully known, she probably needs MMR vaccination to make sure she is immunized against the viral infection Normally the signs and symptoms of Measles infection tend to appear between 6 and 21 days. . Therefore it’s important that she is aware of any signs symptoms such as fever, cold and any skin rash that might appear at later stages of Measles infection. If she is infected then human normal immunoglobin (HNIG) treatment can be carried out to reduce the symptoms of infection. However this does not mean that miscarriage can be prevented (Permar, 2006). Patient 4 A 43 years old male who had kidney transplantation 9 months ago due to kidney failure, which was caused as a result of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, which was diagnosed at the age of 11. The patient had a good diet and controlled blood glucose, but due change in life style and alcohol consumption and irregular insulin administration his blood glucose level has changed and become unpredictable. This life style has led to impaired kidney functioning, which resulted in estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) of 30ml/min. After monitoring eGFR about 3 months, a steady reduction was observed until the age of 39 with eGFR of 10ml/min. Although the patient was under dialysis, he was introduced to ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) while waiting for suitable kidney donor for transplantation. After a few months CAPD treatment, he was referred to haemodialysis, which was carried out 3 times a week, because he could not get on with CAPD. After successful single kidney transplant, the patient shows to recover well from the surgery and the kidney appeared to function well. Following the checkups, the patient appeared to feel better and showed good recovery. However, the patient complained of generally unwell feelings with severe cold/ flu, where he has suffer for at least couple of weeks. Chest pain, abdominal cramps with diarrhea was also reported on this visit and physical examination shows some abdominal tenderness with no swelling or any other tenderness and normal blood pressure. The Auscultation examination however showed crackling and wheezing sounds. Microbial culturing was performed on stool and mid-stream urine samples a land with full blood count, creatinine measurement and an antiviral antibody screen examination. The microbial culture from urine samples revealed nothing significant and eGFR shows to be similar to last check up (10ml/min). The full blood count however shows that the Haemoglobin concentration was 12g/do, which is lower than the normal range (normal range 13-18g/dL) and this is thought to be as a result of impaired glomerular filtration rate, which is caused due to kidney failure and his haemoglobin concentration might be also low due to his kidney-transplantation and the immunosuppressive medication that he receives which causes mild bone-marrow suppression causing low hemoglobin concentration (Joist et al, 2006) . All other parameter however appear to be within the normal ranges indicating nothing significant. But the white blood count appears to be slightly higher than the normal range. The normal white blood count is 4-11Ãâ€"10 to the 9/L, whereas the patients count is 11.110 to the 9/L. This indicates that the patient might be suffering from viral infection. This is eviden t from the antiviral antibody screen examination, where the patient appeared to be positive for CMV (IgM), Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (IgG). Therefore it is the Measles infection that causes the while blood cell counts to alter. In general viral infections disrupts the bone marrow function temporarily and this leads to variation in white blood cell counts. The severe cold/flu, abdominal discomfort and diarrhea that the patient is suffering from is also the signs of CMV infection, this is because individuals who undergo organ transplantation are more susceptible to CMV infection (Rafailidis et al, 2012).The reason that the individuals are susceptible is because the medication they received reduces the immune system response to avoid rejection of kidney transplant (Cordero et al, 2012). However the patient does not display any symptoms for Rubella, Measles and Mumps, but the positive antiviral screening result might be due to previous infection or immunization. His crackling and whee zing sound might be result of cardiovascular disease that he might suffer from because of his lifestyle Kataoka, 2008). In order to stay healthy the patient needs to improve his lifestyle by improving his diet by reducing/stopping alcohol consumption. If the symptoms of CMV becomes worse than antiviral drug can be used. If the immune system is temporary weakened then there is no need for any antiviral drug, because the patient will recover from the infection when the immune system is recovered. List of references Cordero, E. et al. (2012). Cytomegalovirus disease in kidney transplant recipients: incidence, clinical profile, and risk factors. Elsevier. [Online] 44 (3) p. 694-700. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22483471. [Accessed: 15/02/2015] Gen. (1999). Immunoglobulin (IgG) and (IgM) Antibody Responses to Rabies Vaccine .Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Elstree, Hertfordshire, U.K. 40 (10), p595-604. Griffiths, P. D . (2002). Cause and Treatment Of Cytomegalovirus Infection.Journal of Antimicrobial Therapy. 49 (2), 243-255 Joist, H. Brennan, D.C. Coyne, D.W. (2006). Anaemia in the kidney-transplant patient. Journal of The American Society of Nephrology. [Online] 13(1) p. 4-10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16412965. [Accessed: 11/03/2015]. Kataoka, H. Matsuno, O. (2008). Age-Related Pulmonary Crackles (Rales) in Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Patients. Annals of Family Medicine. [Online] 6(3) p.239-245. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2384982/. [Accessed: 15/03/2015] Lima, R. C. et al (2012). Interpretation of the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies in a rapid test for dengue: analysis of dengue antibody prevalence in Fortaleza City in the 20th year of the epidemic. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine. [Online]. 45(2) p. 163-167. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22534985. [Accessed: 22/03/2015]. Permar, S. R, Griffin, D. E and Letvin, N. L. (2006). Immune Containment and Consequences of Measles Virus Infection in Healthy and Immunocompromised Individuals.CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY,. 13 (4), 437–443. Rafailidis et al,. (2012). Sever cytomegalovirus infection in apparently immunocompetent patients: a systematic review. Virology Journal. [Online] 5 (47) p. 1-7. Available from: http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/47 [Accessed: 11/02/2015] Tingle, A. J, Allen, M, Petty, R. E, Ketthyles, G. D and Chantler, J. K. (2015). Rubella Associated Arthritis: Comparative Study of Joint Manifestation Associated With Natural Rubella Infection.Annals Review of the Rheumatic Diseases. 45 (1), 110-119.

Human service Essay

Compile a list of the human service agencies in your city or state. Choose two agencies from your list. Research and study the available information for each agency, obtained from the agency’s Web site or other credible Internet sources. Search for information about how the agency determines needs and the demographic it serves. Refer to Appendix C for tips on where to find this information and Appendix G for other suggested Web sites. Compare and contrast the information you found for each agency, then answer the following questions in 200 to 300 words: †¢What needs do each agency meet and what demographic does each agency serve? What or who may have influenced the agency’s decision to meet the needs of this demographic group? †¢What differences have you observed between the ways the two agencies attempt to meet human needs? †¢How successful is each agency in meeting the needs of its demographic group? What challenges may be preventing the agencies from meeting certain needs? Well the two agencies that I looked up where food stamps (FI) and Medicaid. They are just about the same but they only go if you need them. If you have a low income family then you can get them both. But you have to make it on the charts. They go by the amount of money that you make and how many kids you have too. But you don’t have to have kids to get food stamps or Medicaid. These groups meet the needs of all the people but Medicaid only goes to the people that are older or have kids that are under the age 18 years old. The way I have found that they have made for the people is that they give people food in there house or they make sure that they have the health care that they need to live longer or even just get checked out for a cold. I think that the biggest challenges that they face is trying to find out who really needs it and who don’t need it. They have to look at each case very well and make sure that they don’t have any way to cheat the system any way. I believe that both of these thing make the government better and help use become a better united states all the way around.

Fast Food Advertising And Childhood Obesity Essay

A rise in obesity has been observed in the United States in the last two decades. Obesity is one problem that gives birth to numerous fatal diseases, including but not limited to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted a survey and found that, â€Å"More than one-third of U.S. adults (35.7%) and approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years are obese† (Ogden, Carroll). One of the main reasons behind obesity is the American’s love for fast food. Fast food contains only a small proportion of essential nutrients, and is loaded with unhealthy and non-essential nutrients which do nothing but contribute to obesity and resulting diseases. An equally increasing trend has been observed in the openings of new fast food locations. The fact sheet issued by National Restaurant Association shows that â€Å"970,000 new fast food locations were opened in year 2012 and the restaur ant-industry share of each food dollar spent stands at 48%† (2012 forecast). Those parents who know about the adverse effects of fast food consumption try their best to keep their children away from it. But no matter how hard they try to shield their children, some negative forces like advertising provides them a complete exposure to such unhealthy food. A kid may never have eaten a McDonald’s hamburger, but he/she definitely knows what it looks like, thanks to the power of commercials. â€Å"A study of almost 100,000 food ads on TV showed that 89% of ads that teenagers see are promoting products high in fat, sugar, and/or sodium† (Taylor, Daniel). The advertisers are very smart and they never tell the complete story of products they advertise. They make the food look so tempting that it becomes irresistible for everyone especially kids. They best know the techniques to reach out the targeted consumers. Most of the TV advertisements show super-sized meals at cheaper prices but they never show that the excess consumption results in excess calories input. â€Å"A study by Tirtha Dhar and Kathy Baylis indicates that the parents whose children are constantly begging for fast food, after being exposed to TV ads end up purchasing fast food more frequently than parents whose children are not exposed to advertising† (Dhar, Baylis 3). In order to build a prosperous  and healthy nation, Government should take action to ban fast food advertising completely to the children. Achievement of this goal requires unity and mutual efforts by whole nation. The issue of fast food advertising to children is not new and an initiative was taken by the Federal Trade Commission after the joint workshop of FTC and Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) on Marketing, Self-Regulation and Childhood Obesity held in 2005. FTC was the first ever organization in the US which recommended that the Cong ress ban fast food advertising to children under age of 12. According to a report issued by them to Congress, â€Å"44 reporting companies spent approximately $1,618,600,000 to promote food and beverages to children and adolescents in the U.S. in 2006. Approximately $870 million was spent on food marketing directed to children under 12 and a little more than $1 billion on marketing to adolescents† (Kovacic, Harbour, Leibowitz and Rosch). Congress has not worked on any of the recommendations presented in the report yet. It seems like they care more about the profits earned by the giant fast food industry than the health and wellness of general public. Banning fast food advertisements won’t solve the obesity problem at once but it is surely one of the best steps in the right direction – a step that more law makers should not be afraid to take. â€Å"The similar advertising bans already exist in some jurisdictions such as in Quebec (Canada) and few Scandinavian countries† (Dhar, Baylis 7). â€Å"Sweden, Norway, and Finland have banned commercial sponsorship of children’s programs. Sweden also does not permit any television advertising targeting children under the age of twelve† (Role of Media). â€Å"Quebec’s 32 years ban on advertising to children had led to $88 million annual reduction in expenditures on fast food and 13.4 billion to 18.4 billion fewer fast food calories being consumed per year† (Dhar, Baylis 2-10). Residents of Quebec have a very sedentary life, yet their obesity rate is comparatively lesser than the US. These figures indicate that the sanction on fast food adverti sement can prove effective in lowering or curbing fast food consumption in the United States as well. A larger proportion of the US population leads a very active life. An active life combined with the proper and healthy diet may lead to significant reduction in the obesity rates. â€Å"Media and entertainment giant Walt Disney Co’s has already banned junk food advertisements during its TV, radio and other online programs intended for children under the age of 12† (Heavey). Lawmakers and other opponents of this campaign may not agree to the effects of advertising on children and may further argue that this ban will never be successful in achieving the desired results. A research paper commissioned by the World Health Organization (WHO) states that, â€Å"A survey conducted in the United States showed that 86 percent of children who smoked prefer Marlboro, Camel and Newport which are the three most heavily advertised brands† (Hammond). â€Å"A study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that 91 percent of six year old children surveyed identified the Joe Camel cartoon character as being associated with cigarettes, about the same percentage as recognized Mickey Mouse† (Fischer, Schwartz and Richards 3145-8). Lawmakers should not forget how the ban on Joe Camel proved to be successful in cutting smoking rates in the United States. â€Å"High school smoking rates dipped significantly from 34.8 percent in 1995 to 21.9 percen t in 2003† (Wilson). Now the webpage of Camel cigarettes cannot be even accessed by kids, as it requires input of some verifiable information. The ban should be placed on the TV channels which children watch the most. A similar ban should be placed on the free video streaming websites which display ads more than the desired videos. Alternatively, a specific time can be defined by the legislators during which no advertising related to fast food shall be displayed on TV. The report issued by FTC includes a variety of recommendations for media and entertainment companies. The best recommendation among them is that, â€Å"More media and entertainment companies should limit the licensing of their characters to healthier foods and beverages that are marketed to children, so that cross-promotions with popular children’s movies and television characters will favor the more, rather than the less, nutritious foods and drinks† (Kovacic, Harbour, Leibowitz and Rosch 11). FTC further recommended media and entertainment companies to use their powers positively. Their report states that â€Å"Media and entertainment companies should test the effectiveness of any health and nutrition messages and public education campaigns aimed at the problem of childhood obesity† (Kovacic, Harbour, Leibowitz and Rosch 11 ). Parents will have to play an active part in this regard. They need to be more watchful about their kid’s media consumption. They should keep an eye on the channels their children watch or the books and magazines they read to see what types of commercials are displayed. By doing this, they can filter out any media  source they don’t want their children to use. A child spends a considerable amount of time in a day in school. Schools can play an important role in making the children aware of adverse effects which fast food consumption can have on their health. They should make the fresh fruits and vegetables available to the children. Fast food companies spend a substantial amount on renting out the spaces used for billboards advertisements. City Government should take some action against these companies and restrict renting out such spaces to them. In order to make sure that these restrictions don’t affect the advertisement of healthy food, the government should set nutrition-based standards which will define what type of products can be advertised. Any product-line that doesn’t meet that standard will never be allowed to be advertised The opponents of this ban may argue that it completely depends on parents whether they let their children buy fast food or not; advertising doesn’t compel them. They ignore the fact that if a parent always says no to his or her children whenever he or she demands for fast food, it would affect them adversely. The kids will compare their position to other kids in the neighborhood or school, and will feel depressed by knowing the fact that they are the only ones who are not allowed to eat fast food. These psychological factors in turn will affect their education and career. â€Å"A mother of two children from California named Parham launched a class-action law suit against McDonald’s appealing that the toys given out with the Happy Meals unfairly trap kids into eating unhealthy foods† (Jodi, Sara). She further speaks about the success of advertising in this regard, â€Å"Other busy, working moms and dads know, we have to say ‘no’ to our young children so many times, and McDonald’s makes that so much harder to do† (Jodi, Sara). Advertising of junk food is the root cause of these problems, which if banned to children, will let the parents achieve the goal of keeping their children healthy and successful. Works Cited Ogden, Cynthia., and Carroll, Margaret. â€Å"Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Trends 1963-1965 Through 2007-2008.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC 24/7, June 2010. Web. 31 October, 2012. â€Å"2012 Restaurant Industry Forecast.† National Restaurant Association. National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation, nd. Web. 02 November, 2012. Taylor, Julie., Daniel, S. Kirschenbaum. â€Å"Are Fast-Food Advertisers Playing You?† Fit WebMD, Sanford, nd. Web. 02 November, 2012. Dhar, Tritha., Baylis, Kathy. †Fast Food Consumption and the Ban on Advertising Targeting Children: The QuÈbec Experience.† Journal of Marketing Research 48.5 (2011). American Marketing Association. Pg 2-10. Web. 03 November, 2012. Kovacic, William., Harbour, Pamela., Leibowitz, Jon., Rosch, Thomas. â€Å"Marketing Food to Children and Adolescents.† Federal Trade Commission. FTC, July 2008. Web. 03 November, 2012. â€Å"The Role of Media In Childhood Obesity.† Kaiser Family Foundation. 2004. Web. 17 November, 2012. Heavey, Susan. â€Å"Disney Junk-Food Ad Ban Latest Move To Slim U.S. Kids.† Reuters, June 5, 2012. Web. 03 November, 2012. Hammond, Ross. â€Å"Tobacco Advertising & Promotion: The Need for a Coordinated Global Response.† World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO, January 7 to 9 2000. Web. 17 November, 2012 P.M. Fischer, M.P. Schwartz, J.W. Richards et al., â€Å"Brand Logo Recognition by Children Aged 3 to 6 Tears: Mickey Mouse an d Old Joe the Camel,† Journal of the American Medical Association 266 (1991). Pg. 3145-8. Web. 17 November, 2012. Wilson, Duff. â€Å"Teenage Smoking Rates Spur Calls to Renew Anti-Tobacco Campaigns.† The New York Times. NY Times, July 8, 2010. Web. 17 November, 2012 Jodi. Sara. â€Å"California Mom Sues McDonald’s Over Happy Meals.† Circle of Moms. December 15, 2010. Web. 04 November, 2012.

10 Rewards and Risks of Self-Publishing

10 Rewards and Risks of Self-Publishing 10 Rewards and Risks of Self-Publishing 10 Rewards and Risks of Self-Publishing By Mark Nichol Some time ago, I wrote a highly skeptical post about self-publishing. I stand by my concerns, but I realize my initial assessment could have been more open-minded. Here’s a more neutral evaluation of the pros and cons. Rewards 1. Autonomy In self-publishing, writers control the publishing process. In traditional publishing, the final edit, the cover design and cover copy, and the manner in which marketing and rights are handled are the publisher’s prerogative. 2. Marketing Traditional publishers focus most of their marketing efforts (and other attention) on established authors, attending little to most of the writers whose works they publish. However, writers with an established audience bloggers, speakers, and experts can inexpensively market their self-published books themselves. 3. Timeliness Self-published books can be completed and distributed in a matter of weeks or, at most, months. A traditionally published book usually comes out more than a year after it is accepted for publication. 4. Compensation On average, self-published writers collect roughly half of the sale price, as opposed to ten percent or less for authors of traditionally published books. In addition, self-publishers can deduct many of their expenses when figuring their taxes (but so can other writers). 5. Dress Rehearsal Writers can self-publish to help them determine whether they can succeed through traditional publishing. Armed with one or more successful self-published books, they might have a better chance at getting noticed by a literary agent or a publisher. Risks 1. Isolation The good news is that self-publishers have control over all aspects of publishing, carrying out or outsourcing, as they see fit, the many tasks involved in producing a book. The bad news is, they have to acquire the skills and knowledge to complete the tasks, or find others to do them. 2. Selling Among these tasks is selling the book. It takes time and effort to identify and target your audience, to produce publicity materials, to schedule events and appearances, and so on not to mention actually getting people to actually buy books. 3. Workload Whether you carry out all the steps involved in producing, marketing, and selling your book or delegate some or all responsibilities, doing so will take time and effort. 4. Expenses Self-publishers have to invest in their books up-front, whereas traditional publishers bear the risk of producing a book. (They also often provide an advance and pay out royalties.) One hidden cost is finding a distributor not always essential, but often advised because booksellers seldom buy books directly from an author. 5. Prejudice Despite some major and minor self-publishing successes, the do-it-yourself approach is still stigmatized and rightly so. Most self-published books are poorly written and/or designed, and many readers (and agents) assume again, with some justification that if traditional publishers have rejected your manuscript, there’s a good reason for that decision. (Furthermore, traditional publishers may not consider a self-publishing success a valid reason for considering producing a new edition of that book or accepting another by the same author.) As I mentioned in my previous post, I’m not hostile to self-publishing. (I encourage readers of this post to also check out not only that article but also the comments written in response to it.) But I strongly urge prospective self-publishers to carefully examine their motives and their goals before investing in the endeavor. And though reading about others’ successes is encouraging, it can also be misleading; don’t overvalue anecdotal accounts of lucrative self-publishing at the expense of overwhelming evidence to the contrary. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesPunctuation Is Powerful

Actual Yield Definition (Chemistry)

Actual Yield Definition (Chemistry) Actual Yield Definition The actual yield is the quantity of a product that is obtained from a chemical reaction. In contrast, the calculated or theoretical yield  is the amount of product that could be obtained from a reaction if all of the reactant converted to product. Theoretical yield is based on the limiting reactant. Common Misspelling: actual yeild Why Is Actual Yield Different from Theoretical Yield? Usually, the actual yield is lower than the theoretical yield because few reactions truly proceed to completion (i.e., arent 100% efficient) or because not all of the product in a reaction is recovered. For example, if you are recovering a product that is a precipitate, you may lose some product if it doesnt completely fall out of solution. If you filter the solution through filter paper, some product may remain on the filter or make its way through the mesh and wash away. If you rinse the product, a small amount of it may be lost from dissolving in the solvent, even if the product is insoluble in that solvent. Its also possible for the actual yield to be more than the theoretical yield. This tends to occur most often if solvent is still present in the product (incomplete drying), from error weighing the product, or perhaps because an unaccounted substance in the reaction acted as a catalyst or also led to product formation. Another reason for higher yield is that the product is impure, due to the presence of another substance besides the solvent. Actual Yield and Percent Yield The relationship between actual yield and theoretical yield is used to calculate percent yield: percent yields actual yield / theoretical yield x 100%

Black Plague Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Black Plague - Essay Example The result was a change in the way that most focused on the urban development, specifically with a different perspective toward construction and use of materials. In the novel, â€Å"A Journal of the Plague Year,† by Daniel Defoe, there are references to how individuals began to think after the plague. The reference wasn’t only toward the outcomes and tragedies associated with the plague, but instead led to the beliefs that those who didn’t have the lower social status and misled construction also weren’t subjected to the outcome of the plague. This line of thinking is seen throughout the book, as well as the belief that the plague was a sign to restructure into the modern urban development. The way in which most began to think about the Black Plague after it had been stopped from overtaking Europe was based on preventative measures that wouldn’t allow another disease to take over the land. The objective became the need to find ways and means to cha nge society, specifically which would safeguard individuals from being weakened and dying from the plague. According to Huppert, there was an understanding that the society needed to change so it didn’t exceed the resources that were available. When the plague began to decrease in 1700, there was also a change in how many farmed and lived. This included smaller plots of lands, a focus on not having as large of populations in one place and living within confines that didn’t use as many natural resources.... There are references to the market that is in the city, specifically which is a sign of the plentiful ness of the country. There are references to several coming to town with large amounts and supplies of different items which could be used for those that were going to the market. However, during and after the plague, this began to change with constrained resources that could be monitored and widely used for those that were in need of food or other farm items. â€Å"Without interruption [they] came up to that market known still by the name of Bear – Key, where they supplied the City plentifully with Corn, when Land Carriage began to fail, and when the people began to be sick coming from many places in the country† (Defoe, 252: 1817). This shows the transition which was made between using the extra resources and the response to the plague from what happened to those who took advantage of the excess resources. Another concept which appears in Huppert’s recounts of the Black Plague and from the book is the rebuilding of both urban and rural society. The Black Plague was known to wipe out almost one-third of the population and led cities to have to rebuild for years. This led to several years of trying to restructure the way that the cities should function while being cautious about another plague coming into the cities. The changes were based first on several experiencing life outside of the past constraints from politics and the agendas that were associated with peasants. Many of the peasants began to look for freedom, emancipation and ways to rebuild society in a way where they weren’t considered as slave labor for higher society. The main ideal was to get land without permission from land owners, buy and sell heritages and to work with the bourgeoisie and land

Re-organization of Government and contractors supporting Department of Term Paper

Re-organization of Government and contractors supporting Department of Defense efforts for Afghanistan and Iraq - Term Paper Example end, the paper will analyse the definition of private contractors, their legal status under international law and the risks and advantages involved in their use to supplement US military operations. In doing so the paper firstly discusses history of the development of private military companies and private security companies in the aftermath of the Cold war due to the downsizing of the military and how the proliferation of these companies has altered the infrastructure of contemporary military strategy, resulting in increased reliance on their services. The paper then considers the debate surrounding the use of such contractors with regard to the ambiguity of legal status under international law and parameters of their activity. In considering the debate, this paper further considers the common activities undertaken by such contractors and the central arguments of the military in justifying their use in practice. The paper further considers the possible implementation of a categorisation system to ensure that the use of private contractors remains adequately regulated whilst simultaneously providing a viable asset to US defense operations in Iraq and Afghanistan in light of the changing nature of warfare. The proliferation of private military companies and private security companies in the 1990s directly correlated to the downsizing of armed force supplies in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War. This resulted in a new political order in the international arena with novel conflict scenarios, thereby creating a demand for military manpower and expertise. The redefinition of these security strategies has left gaps in the core functions of the armed forces, which have been supplemented by alternative military service delivery via Private military companies (PMCs) and Private Security Companies (PSCs) to support US defense efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The US defense effort heavily relies on private contractors in Iraq in particular for multifarious

Ethical Issues of companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Issues of companies - Essay Example In simple words, there is more harm than gain from whistle-blowing in the current setting. As a result, this action is wrong under the utilitarianism framework. This framework states that only those actions should be taken which gives greater good to the society than the costs. In this case, there are more costs associated with the action than the benefits and hence I should be passive and let how things move on until I decide to whistle blow, which is not an option at the moment. If we look at the risks associated with whistle blowing, they are loss of jobs for employees, company's reputation at stake, my job in jeopardy and the chance that the company may lose market share against the major competitor. The gains from the action will be people would be aware about Delectable's nonexistent quality control and this can lead them into making a better choice. However, weighing the two options, one feels that there are greater risks than gains and hence I should not whistle blow. A2) the attitude of workers is purely materialistic at the moment. They are paid on piece rate and hence they want to produce as much goods as possible while ignoring the quality of what they manufacture. The policy of quality control won't be effective in the current company's culture as workers are just trying to make more goods as they are paid on the basis of how much they produce and because quality control may hinder the speed of their work, the policy won't be as effective as it will be in other settings. There are a lot of issues that the management needs to readdress looking at the attitudes of workers and supervisors on the factory floor. First of all, the management needs to incorporate in people that the workers should respect the people from higher level of hierarchy instead of blocking their work. This can be done by the management by showing them their authority and by firing those people who do not cooperate with the top brass. The main pressure is that the workers a re not willing to cooperate and the situation can only improve if either the authority is delegated to the quality control department or the management itself fires or threaten people who are hindering the efforts of the quality control department. PART B B1) The government and state faced a major challenge in the form of underfunding to deal with the health and safety issue. There is hardly any possibility that the current staff of 60 can see 16000 food businesses in Georgia. Similarly, Delectable employs thousands of people and government will be threatened to take any action against the company as it would mean loss of jobs and unemployment. However, government can counter the problem by staffing more people in order to keep check and balance on most of the businesses in the state. The government should try to encourage people and organizations to fund FDA by telling them it would improve the general condition of the food businesses in the country and ensure that their offerings are hygienic and comply with quality and control standards. Government can also encourage the businesses to act in a socially responsible way. This can be done by giving tax holidays to company where there is no quality cases recorded reported against the compa ny. The government can also levy stricter rules on food businesses which could levy harsh penalties on these business and can ask them disclose the quality and contr

Christian University Essay Example for Free

Christian University Essay This essay is a review of the book Shiloh- In Hell Before Night written by James Lee McDonough. James Lee McDonough was born on June 17, 1934 in Nashville, Tennessee. It is here that he spent his childhood. Regarding his education, the author attended Lipscomb High School. He received his higher education at David Lipscomb College where he attained a BA degree in 1956. He later went to M. A Abilene Christian University where he attained an M. A degree in 1961. The author received his PhD from the Florida State University in 1966. He was to be appointed as a Professor of History, a post he held in Lipscomb, Pepperdine and Auburn universities. Currently, he is a retired professor of history at Auburn University. The author was lauded by the Army for his role in furthering knowledge in military history and has received many accolades for his efforts in military history scholarship . Besides Shiloh- in Hell before Night, the author has written many other books. These include Chattanooga – Death Grip on the Confederacy, Five Tragic Hours; Stones River- Bloody Winter in Tennessee, Nashville; The Western Confederacy’s Final Gamble and War in Kentucky: from Shiloh to Perryville. His other books which are still in print include Sky Riders; History of the 327/401 Glider Infantry, ‘War so terrible’: Sherman and Atlanta and The Battle of Franklin. Moreover, he has written more than 30 articles, and reviewed close to seventy books . Shiloh- in Hell before Night was published by the University of Tennessee Press in 1977. At the time of writing the book, the author was a scholar at the David Lipscomb College in Nashville, Tennessee where he was a history professor. Having attained all the academic qualifications mentioned, he was well qualified to write the book. In this book, the author has used both primary and secondary sources. He makes great use of primary sources when he lets the participants in the war narrate their experiences. Among the primary sources which the author has utilized include recollections, letters and personal diaries of the combatants. For instance, the personal diaries of Thomas Lovemore, Samuel Watkins, Clarence Buell, William Tecumseh Sherman, R. F Learned and Braxton Bragg are utilized. Regarding secondary sources, the author cites writers who have made contributions on related subjects such as D. W. Reed, Shellby Footes, Lloyd Lewis and John Duke. He also cites magazine articles such as the Richmond enquirer, Chicago Times, and New Orleans Daily Picayune. Other secondary sources which the author has made use of include personal diaries, letters and official records. This book is an attempt by the author to provide an overview of the battle of Shiloh. This battle took place in 1862 at Shiloh near the border between Tennessee and Mississippi and was a defining moment in America’s Civil War. The action begun in February 1862 when the Union Army pushed the Confederate Army, which was led by General Albert Johnston at that time, compelling them to surrender most of Tennessee. Major General Ulysses Grant was the commander of the Union Army and come spring, he assembled a 40,000 strong force close to Pittsburg Landing just next to the Tennessee River. The intention of the Union Army was to attack the rail intersection of Corinth, Mississippi, which was an important infrastructural facility. Before they could attack however, they were ambushed by the Confederates who attacked them when they were close to the Shiloh Church. This event occurred on April 6th, 1862. The total number of Confederate troops who made the march were no less than 44, 000 and were led by Johnston and General P. G. T Beauregard. As the author writes, the element of surprise worked well for the Confederates as they were able to repulse the Union Army’s right flank by one and a half kilometer after battling for three hours. However, the Union Army withstood the assault and its left flank remained largely unmoved. The area of action where the Union forces withstood the confederate attack was called the ‘Hornet’s Nest’. By late evening, Johnston lay dead, having been injured on the leg. Beauregard assumed control of the Confederate Army upon the death of Johnston and called off the action later in the day. The Union Army got reinforcements later during the night. The reinforcements were led by Major General Don Carlos Buell and Lew Wallace. Beauregard turned down pleas by General Nathan Bedford Forrest that the Confederates attack when he saw the arrival of the reinforcement. With the reinforcements, the Union Army was able to repulse the Confederates and Beauregard surrendered before evening and retreated to Corinth. The battle of Shiloh was costly as it led to the deaths of more than 23,000 people. This book is important as it was the first scholarly attempt at describing the battle of Shiloh. It redefined the way people viewed the battle, what with its treatment of aspects deemed to be controversial. In a major departure from the prevailing thoughts, the author asserted that the death of Johnston did not in any way influence the outcomes of the battle. Additionally, he avers that there was no respite whatsoever following this death. Another major assertion which the author makes is that Beauregard’s decision to halt the attack was the right one and that, contrary to the dominant thought; the Confederates did not have any real opportunity on the evening of April 6th. What’s more, the author posits that the arrival of the reinforcements led by Buell did not have any noticeable impact on the outcome of battle on the first day. The author also asserts that the main activity of the entire battle was the conflict at Hornet’s Nest. He avers that Grant was able to erect the last line of defense at Pittsburg Landing primarily because the Sunken Road was able to withstand the Confederate offensive. The author does not stop there as he holds Braxton Bragg responsible for the Confederates’ inability to pry open the Hornet’s Nest. This, as he explains, was occasioned by Bragg’s inability to assemble the 18,000 troops required to mount the offensive. The purpose of the author is to provide an accurate, irrefutable and personalized rendition of the battle of Shiloh. Through this book, he hopes to give the reader an overview of the events preceding and occurring during, and immediately after the 48 hour battle. By and large, it can be said that the author achieved this purpose. He wades through the occurrences, giving reasonable explanations which rationalize such controversial questions as what made the Union Army to be ambushed in surprise. The author also provides judgment on whether Beauregard exercised judicial restraint when he halted the battle on the first day. He gives us sneak previews on what went into the preparations of both sides, discuses the personalities and experiences of the generals and shows us what was done wrong. The author also delves into the role of the Confederate and Union generals, assessing the various command decisions and returning judgment on the leadership ability. Through all these, he achieves his purpose as the reader is able to understand what happened, why it happened, when it happened, where it happened and most importantly, how it happened.

Drug Use in Sports Essay -- Steroids Baseball Athletes

Substance Use in Sports Illegal substance use in sports is something that is a very new, recent, and controversial. In the last couple years many football players of all ages and other athletes have died due to use of certain substances, mainly ephedrine. Another issue that arises from this topic is the use of steroids in the major league baseball association. Players in the MLBA may not all admit to using steroids but since the league doesn’t test for any substances many players use the drug. These players also use many other supplements that are not looked upon as illegal but do alter and help how they play. This brings upon the question of how the MLBA should deal with their stance on drug testing. Many recent articles have also shown how players in sports that do test for drugs are able to get a steroid or muscle enhancement that doesn’t show up on steroid tests. This then raises the question to if technology is surpassing these drug tests then should they even be given. Steroids a nd other supplements are ruining the game of baseball. When looking at the issue more in depth one is able to find that these players are almost required to take these supplements to fit in to their lifestyles. An expectation from fans, coaches, and other players almost puts a demand to perform at the same level of everyone else. Once a majority of players begin gaining an edge then others feel obligated to attempt to keep up. Throughout this article I will further ones education on how these drugs have ruined the game of baseball and its past, what these drugs are and how they are used, and also how it is all tied together and expected in these player’s lifestyles. In May of 2002 a very controversial edition of Sports Illustrate... ... teams with more money to basically purchase all the good players. Once someone rich enough comes along they will be able to buy all the biggest and best players and cut the competition to a minimum. Whereas an end to steroids would allow for a more diversion of very good players opposed to the same players (steroid users) being on top all the time. This would bring about more fans, more excitement to the game of baseball, and a whole new look for the sport that true baseball fans would love to see. Being able to go to the ballpark again and watch down to the wire games between any teams is something that every fan wants to see. Baseball is America’s Sport and needs to be rekindled with the spirit of America as a whole, this is simply done by eliminating steroids that allow for players and the sport as a whole to misrepresent its true skill and meaning.

Activity Analysis

Cost: The price depends on what kind of computer is bought and what type of internet is purchased. A computer can range anywhere from $400. 00 to $1000. 00 and high speed internet usually costs around $20. 00 a month. For this activity an HP computer is being used which costs $429. 99 and high speed internet for $20. 00 a month. Overall cost for one year: $669. 99. Preparation: Must have an email account, know the email address of the person the email is going to, and buy a computer and the internet. Time: 35 min-10 minutes to find email address of the friend and 25 minutes for composing an email. Space Needs or setting required: Indoor, computer desk with computer equipment, well lit area, and an the size of the area does not matter as long as a computer desk and chair can fit. Activity Qualities: Teens, young adults, and adults may find this task meaningful. This task would also be meaningful to businessmen. This activity may not be not enjoyable for the late baby boomers. Occupation: Social participation such as engaging in communication with friends and family. Leisure interest such as relaxation and feeling of involvement by communicating with others. Supervision: None  Precautions: Those with visual impairments, cognitive delays, and proper fine motor control may experience difficulty when performing this task and will need supervision to provide verbal step by step procedures. Contradictions: Not appropriate for those with complete blindness and a major cognitive delay. May not be appropriate for those with profound deficits of gross and fine motor control. Motor Skills: Sensory awareness required. Sensory processing including visual acuity, visual stability, vestibular functions, proprioceptive functions, touch functions, and pressure awareness. Neuromusculoskeletal related functions include joint mobility, joint stability, muscle power, muscle tone, muscle endurance, motor reflexes, and control of voluntary and involuntary movements. Motor skills that are needed for this task are gross, fine, crossing the midline, bilateral integration, and praxis. Also postural control and alignment are important for this task. Process Skills: For this task, attention span, memory, and perception are needed. Also, thought, sequencing, prioritizing, creating, multitasking, and judging are used for this activity. Communication/interaction skills: Interests, self-concept, role performance, social contact, perceive, influence, and relation to others are important to this task. Displaying and perceiving emotions are important to relate to others. Self-control, interpersonal skills, and self-expression are also needed. ADL/IADL Performance Areas: The fine motor skills of sending an email can be helpful in feeding, eating, dressing, bathing, personal device care, and personal hygiene. The cognitive skills of this activity can also help with personal device care and personal hygiene. This activity can also help with communication management by using the communication skills needed to send an email. Work/education performance areas: This activity can be helpful for those seeking employment and job performance. Being able to send an email will enable a person to better their career by sending professional emails. It will also help with job performance by using cognitive, gross, and fine motor control needed to send an email. Leisure/play/social participation areas: This activity can be continued as a leisure activity and can enhance play exploration and participation. It can enhance play by meeting new people and exploring new interests. It can also better social participation by exchanging information with friends and family. Continuous communication with people will improve social skills. Adaptation: Potential for adaptation is very good. May use raised or enlarged keys on the keyboard for those with a visual impairment and low sensory integration. May also increase the zoom on internet pages so a person can see a larger image. With someone who has limited ROM, a wireless keyboard would work best. This way the person can set the keyboard on lap. The mouse can be adapted by enlarging it and adding different texture for the right and left click. This way, the person is aware of the different sides. Grading: Adding wrist weights to hands will improve arm strength. Placing the keyboard and mouse further from the person will encourage reach while sitting. Using a therapy ball instead of a chair will encourage concentration and attention span. Making the keys on the keyboard smaller and the mouse smaller will enhance fine motor control. Disabilities: Those with mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and personality disorder would benefit from this activity by improving social skills and having someone they can talk to. Those with strokes, MS, autism, and rheumatoid arthritis would benefit from this activity which would improve social, cognitive, and fine motor control skills. Goal: Within the OT treatment session, the patient will be able to type 100 words within 10 minutes. Habits: This activity can influence habits by  Environmental Aspects: Sending an E-mail can influence cultural context because for most it is common to use the computer and is the America is beginning to use the internet for sending mail instead of the post office. For personal context, this activity is mainly used by teens, adults, and middle adulthood. For Temporal context, this activity influences it because cards such as, holiday cards, sympathy cards, wedding invitations, and birthday cards are being sent through email. This activity influences virtual context because it is using the internet. It influences social context because it is a quick and easy way to exchange information.